What is an example of a TEM threat?

The correct answer highlights a threat associated with Threat and Error Management (TEM) that pertains to the reliability and functionality of the systems in operation. System malfunctions represent a significant challenge in aviation safety because they can lead to unexpected situations that require immediate and effective responses from the crew. These malfunctions can disrupt the normal operation of the aircraft, necessitating quick decision-making and effective management of the situation to maintain safety.

In the context of TEM, recognizing and addressing system malfunctions is crucial for pilots to develop strategies that mitigate the risks associated with these failures. Effective TEM training prepares pilots to anticipate, recognize, and address these threats proactively.

While the other options describe potential issues that may arise during flight operations, they are either tied more directly to human factors, such as pilot error and planning mistakes, or, in the case of inadequate fuel, are more closely related to decision-making and operational oversight. However, system malfunctions fundamentally connect to the technical aspects of aircraft operation, which aligns them with the core concept of TEM as it addresses threats arising from the operating environment rather than just human error or oversight.